Hammer toes are considered a static deformity of the forefoot. This is a defect most often caused by two factors: mechanical irritation in the shoe and muscle imbalance between groups of muscles, namely toe flexors and extensors. Typically, the condition involves a combination of both.
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A heel spur or calcar calcanei is a diagnosis with a name that can be somewhat misleading. The spur itself, i.e., a bony outgrowth from the bottom of the heel, only arises due to pathological processes that take place in the foot. So, let's look at it from the beginning.
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Hallux valgus, commonly known as a bunion, is one of the most common foot deformities occurring between the ages and 40 and 60. Even though the most dominant feature of this deformity is the displacement of the big toe towards the other toes, it is a more complicated foot defect.
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